Sto Linux 1.3.57 kai metepeita h morfh toy /proc/meminfo exei allajei kata enan tropo poy h ylopoihsh toy free den katalabainei.
Parte thn teleytaia ekdosh, apo to sunsite.unc.edu sto /pub/Linux/system/Status/ps/procps-0.99.tgz.
Yparxoyn duo rologia sto computer sas. To mhxaniko (CMOS) roloi doyleuei panta, akoma kai otan to computer einai sbhsto, kai xrhsimopoieitai otan to susthma jekinaei, kai apo to DOS (an to xrhsimopoieite). H synh8hs wra systhmatos, poy fainetai kai ry8mizetai apo thn entolh date, diathreitai apo ton pyrhna oso to Linux trexei.
Mporeite na deite thn wra toy rologiou toy CMOS, h na 8esete kapoio roloi apo to allo, me to programma /sbin/clock deite to man 8 clock.
Yparxoyn diafora alla programmata ta opoia mporoun na dior8wsoyn ena h kai ta duo rologia gia systhmatikh poreia h metafora ths wras mesa sto susthma.Merika apo ayta mporei na einai hdh egkatesthmena sto susthma sas. Yajte gia ta adjtimex (dior8wnei poreia), netdate kai getdate (apla pairnei thn wra apo to diktyo) h xntp (akribhs plhrhs leitoyrgiwn daemon gia wra diktuoy).
Swsta. Ayth h dynatothta exei epithdes apenergopoih8ei ston pyrhna toy Linux epeidh ta setuid scripts einai sxedon panta mia trupa asfaleias. An 8elete na ma8ete giati, diabaste to FAQ gia to comp.unix.questions.
To noumero `free' poy dinetai apo thn entolh free den symperilambanei th mnhmh poy xrhsimopoieitai ws disk buffer cache - h opoia fainetai sth sthlh `buffers'. An 8elete na jerete posh mnhmh einai pragmati eleu8erh, pros8este to poso toy `buffers' se ayto toy `free' - newteres ekdoseis toy free deixnoyn mia akoma grammh me ayth thn plhroforia.
To disk buffer cache teinei na ayjanetai amesws meta thn ekkinhsh toy Linux, ka8ws fortwnete perissotera programmata kai xrhsimopoieite perissotera arxeia, kai ta periexomena mpainoyn sthn cache. Ayto sta8eropoieitai meta apo ena diasthma.
Ayto einai ena koino sumptwma apotyxias na xrhsimopoih8ei lan8anoysa gia thn parapanw mnhmh. To akribes problhma ejartatai apo th mhtrikh plaketa (motherboard) poy exete.
Merikes fores prepei na energopoihsete to caching sygkekrimenwn tmhmatwn sto BIOS setup. Deite sto CMOS setup kai elegjte an yparxei epilogh na xrhsimopoih8ei lan8anoysa gia th nea mnhmh h opoia einai apenergopoihmenh (S.t.M. h epilogh). Ayto einai pio synh8ismeno se 486.
Merikes fores h mnhmh prepei na einai se sygkekrimenes 8ures gia na xrhsimopoih8ei lan8anoysa.
Merikes fores prepei na ry8misete braxykyklwthres (jumpers) gia na energopoihsete th xrhsh lan8anoysas.
Merikes mhtrikes plaketes den xrhsimopoioun lan8anoysa gia olh thn RAM an exete perissoterh RAM ana lan8anoysa apo oti perimenoyn. Synh8ws mia lan8anoysa ths tajhs twn 256K 8a lusei ayto to problhma.
An exete amfibolia, elegjte to biblio odhgiwn xrhshs ths mhtrikhs plaketas. An akoma den mporeite na to ftiajete epeidh h tekmhriwsh einai aneparkhs, isws prepei na steilete ena mhnyma sto comp.os.linux.hardware dinontas *oles* tis plhrofories - marka, ari8mos monteloy kwdikos hmeromhnias klp. etsi wste alloi xrhstes Linux na mporoun na thn apofugoyn.
Mallon xrhsimopoieite non-shadow-password programmata, alla xrhsimopoieite shadow passwords.
An einai etsi, prepei na parete h na metaglwttisete mia shadow-password ekdosh twn en logw programmatwn. To paketo shadow password brisketai sto (metaju allwn): tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/sources/usr.bin/shadow-* Ayto einai o kwdikas. Mallon 8a breite ektelesima sto .../linux/binaries/usr.bin.
Mallon exete to idio problhma opws sto '' Orismena programmata (p.x. xdm) den me afhnoyn na kanw login.'', se mia akoma ptyxh:
An xrhsimopoieite shadow passords prepei na balete ena gramma x h enan asterisko sto pedio toy password toy arxeioy /etc/passwd gia ka8e logariasmo, etsi wste an ena programma den gnwrizei gia ta shadow passwords na mhn afhnei ton ka8ena na kanei login nomizontas oti einai enas logariasmos xwris password.
Mallon den exete xwro antallaghs dedomenwn (swap) energopoihmeno. Prepei na energopoihsete thn antallagh dedomenwn gia na epitrecete sto Linux na topo8ethsei kommatia dedomenwn - programmatwn poy den xrhsimopoiei ayth th stigmh sto disko, gia na exei pio polu xwro gia alla programmata kai dedomena. An den to kanete, to Linux prepei na krataei ta dedomena sth mnhmh kai na exei oloklhra antigrafa twn programmatwn sth mnhmh (ta opoia topo8etountai ekei ap' ey8eias apo to susthma arxeiwn) kai etsi olo kai perissotera programmata briskontai sth mnhmh kai ta panta pane pio arga.
Deite to Installation HOWTO kai to Installation and Getting Started Guide ( Apo poy mporw na parw ta HOWTO kai loiph tekmhriwsh; ) gia plhrofories sto pws 8a sthsete mia katatmhsh antallaghs dedomenwn (swap partition) h ena arxeio antallaghs dedomenwn (swapfile) deite epishs to `` H perioxh moy antallaghs dedomenwn den leitoyrgei.''.
Epishs, mporei na exete polu ligh pragmatikh mnhmh. An exete ligoterh RAM ap' oti ola ta programmata poy trexete taytoxrona, to Linux 8a xrhsimopoiei to sklhro disko ant' ayths kai 8a einai tromero. H lush se ayth thn periptwsh einai na mhn trexete tosa programmata taytoxrona h na agorasete perissoterh mnhmh. Mporeite epishs na apokthsete ligh parapanw mnhmh metaglwttizontas kai xrhsimopoiwntas enan pyrhna me ligoteres epiloges energopoihmenes. Deite to `` Pws anaba8mizw/anametaglwttizw ton pyrhna moy;''.
Mporeite na jerete posh mnhmh kai / h xwro antallaghs xrhsimopoieite, me thn entolh free h plhktrologwntas
cat /proc/meminfo
An o pyrhnas sas exei dhmioyrgh8ei me epilogh gia disko mnhmhs (ramdisk) ayto mallon einai xamenos xwros kai 8a prokalei mia ka8ysterhsh. Xrhsimopoihste to LILO h to rdev gia na enhmerwsete ton pyrhna na mhn xrhsimopoihsei disko mnhmhs (deite thn tekmhriwsh toy LILO h plhktrologhste man rdev).
Mallon exete kapoia problhmata egkrishs prosbashs h exete ena arxeio /etc/nologin.
An einai to teleytaio, topo8ethste th grammh rm -f /etc/nologin sto /etc/rc.local h to /etc/rc.d/* arxeio.
Alliws, elegjte tis egkriseis sto kelyfos sas, kai ta onomata twn arxeiwn poy emfanizontai sta mhnumata la8oys, kai epishs toys ypokatalogoys poy periexoyn ayta ta arxeia, mexri thn koryfh, mexri kai to root katalogo.
Mallon steilate kapoia dyadika dedomena sthn o8onh kata la8os. Plhktrologhste echo '\033c' gia na to dior8wsete. Polles dianomes Linux exoyn mia entolh reset poy kanei ayto to pragma.
Ekkinhste ton ypologisth apo mia disketa anagkhs (h apo zeugos disketwn, p.x. Slackware boot- kai root- disketes) (ston ypokatalogo install twn Slackware mirrors) h to MCC boot floppy egkatastashs. Yparxoyn epishs duo kane-to-monos-soy paketa dhmioyrgias disketwn anagkhs sto sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Recovery. Ayta einai kalutera ka8ws exoyn ton diko sas pyrhna, kai etsi den diakindyneuete na "mhn exete" syskeyes, systhmata arxeiwn k.o.k.
Sto kelyfos, kante mount to disko sas me kati san
> mount -t ext2 /dev/hda1 /mnt
Tote to susthma arxeiwn sas einai dia8esimo katw apo ton katalogo /mnt kai mporeite na dior8wsete to problhma. 8ymh8eite na kanete unmount to disko sas prin epanekkinhsete (allajte katalogo sto / prwta, alliws 8a leei oti einai apasxolhmeno).
Oxi, den anakalucate. Eiste profanws neos sto Unix kai prepei na diabasete ena kalo biblio gia na ma8ete pws leitoyrgoun orismena pragmata. Stoixeio: h dynatothta na sbhsete arxeia katw apo to Unix ejartatai apo to an exete thn egkrish na gracete ston katalogo ston opoio ayta briskontai.
Elegjte to Printing-HOWTO
Yparxei ena sfalma (bug) sto programma clock(8) (to opoio syxna brisketai sto /sbin) -- metraei la8os to peri8wrio, mperdeuontas ta deyterolepta me ta lepta. Parte mia newterh ekdosh toy programmatos aytou.
Se pyrhnes ekdoshs 1.1.80 kai metagenesteroys, to sympiesmeno antigrafo toy pyrhna, to opoio to LILO caxnei na brei, exei metafer8ei sto arch/i386/boot/zImage. To vmlinux arxeio ston root katalogo einai o asympiestos pyrhnas, kai den 8a eprepe na dokimasete na jekinhsete me ayto.
Ayth h allagh exei ginei gia na einai eykolotero na ftiajete ekdoseis gia diaforoys epejergastes, katw ap' ton idio phgaio kwdika.