=============
Term Prefixes
=============

Xapian itself doesn't put any restrictions on the contents of a term, other
than that terms can't be empty, and there's an upper limit on the length
(which is backend dependent - chert and glass allow 245 bytes, except
that zero bytes count double in this length).

However, Omega and ``Xapian::QueryParser`` impose some rules to aid
interoperability and make it easier to write code that doesn't require
excessive configuring.  It's probably wise to follow these rules unless
you have a good reason not to.  Right now you might not intend to use Omega
or the QueryParser, not to combine a search with another database.  But if
you later find you do, it'll be much easier if you're using compatible
rules!

The basic idea is that terms won't begin with a capital letter (since they're
usually lower-cased and often stemmed), so any term which starts with a capital
letter is assumed to have a prefix.  For all letters apart from X, this is a
single character prefix and these have predefined standard meanings (or are
reserved for standard meanings but currently unallocated).

X starts a multi-capital letter user-defined prefix.  If you want a prefix for
something without a standard prefix, you create your own starting with an X
(e.g. XSHOESIZE).  The prefix ends with the first non-capital.  If the term
you're prefixing starts with a capital letter or ":", add a ":" between prefix
and term to resolve ambiguity about where the prefix ends and the term begins.

Here's the current allocation list (annotated with Dublinc

======  ===========  ==========================================================
Prefix  Dublin Core  Description
======  ===========  ==========================================================
A       creator      Author
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
B                    aBstract or summary or topic
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
D                    Date (numeric format: YYYYMMDD or "latest" - e.g.
                     D20050224 or Dlatest)

                     These are an old way to implement date filtering, but we
                     now recommend using a value slot instead.  Omega 2.0.0
                     won't add D-prefix terms by default (with ``--date-terms``
                     to enable them).
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
E                    Extension (folded to lowercase - e.g. Ehtml, or E for no
                     extension)
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
F                    Filename
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
G                    newsGroup (or similar entity - e.g. a web forum name)
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
H                    Hostname
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
I                    boolean filter term for "can see" permission (mnemonic:
                     Include)
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
J                    Site term (mnemonic: Jumping off point)
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
K       subject      Keyword
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
L       language     ISO-639 Language code
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
M                    Month (numeric format: YYYYMM)

                     These are an old way to implement date filtering, but we
                     now recommend using a value slot instead.  Omega 2.0.0
                     won't add M-prefix terms by default (with ``--date-terms``
                     to enable them).
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
N                    ISO-3166 couNtry code (or domaiN name)
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
O                    Owner
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
P                    Pathname
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
Q                    uniQue id
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
R                    Raw (i.e. unstemmed) term (unused by Xapian since 1.0.0)
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
S       title        Title (or email Subject); dc:title
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
T                    mimeType
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
U                    full URL of indexed document - if the resulting term would
                     be > 240 bytes, a hashing scheme is used to prevent
                     overflowing the Xapian term length limit (see omindex for
                     how to do this).
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
V                    boolean filter term for "can't see" permission (mnemonic:
                     ``grep -v``)
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
X                    longer prefix for user-defined use
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
Y                    year (four digits)

                     These are an old way to implement date filtering, but we
                     now recommend using a value slot instead.  Omega 2.0.0
                     won't add Y-prefix terms by default (with ``--date-terms``
                     to enable them).
------  -----------  ----------------------------------------------------------
Z                    stemmed term (may be followed by another prefix from this
                     list - e.g. ZS for stemmed terms from the document title)
======  ===========  ==========================================================

Reserved but currently unallocated: CW

There are two main uses for prefixes - boolean filters and free-text fields.

Boolean Filters
===============

If the documents being indexed describe objects in a museum, you might
have a 'material' field, which records what each object is primarily made of.
So a sundial might be 'material=Stone', a letter might be 'material=paper',
etc.  There's no standard prefix for 'material', so you might allocate ``XM``.
If you lowercase the field contents, you can avoid having to add a colon to
separate the prefix and content, so documents would be indexed by terms such as
``XMstone`` or ``XMpaper``.

If you're indexing using scriptindex, and have a field in the input file
such as "material=Stone", and then your index script would have a rule
such as::

    material : lower boolean=XM

You can then restrict a search in Omega by passing a B parameter with one
of these as the value, e.g. ``B=XMstone``

In your HTML search form, you can allow the user to select this using a set of
radio buttons::

    Material:<br>
    <input type="radio" name="B" value=""> Any<br>
    <input type="radio" name="B" value="XMpaper"> Paper<br>
    <input type="radio" name="B" value="XMstone"> Stone<br>

If you want to have multiple sets of radio buttons for selecting different
boolean filters, you can make use of Omega's preprocessing of CGI parameter
names by calling them "B 1", "B 2", etc (names are truncated at the first
space - see `cgiparams.html <cgiparams.html>`_ for full details).

You can also use a select tag::

    Material:
    <select name="B">
    <option value="">Any</option>
    <option value="XMpaper">Paper</option>
    <option value="XMstone">Stone</option>
    </select>

Or if you want the user to be able to select more than one material to filter
by, you can use checkboxes instead of radio buttons::

    Material:<br>
    <input type="checkbox" name="B" value="XMpaper"> Paper<br>
    <input type="checkbox" name="B" value="XMstone"> Stone<br>

Or a multiple select::

    Material:
    <select multiple name="B">
    <option value="XMpaper">Paper</option>
    <option value="XMstone">Stone</option>
    </select>

These will work in the natural way - if no materials are selected, then no
filtering by material will happen; if multiple materials are selected, then
items made of any of the materials will match (in details, groups of filter
terms with the same prefix are combined with ``OP_OR``; then these groups
are combined with ``OP_AND``).

Or perhaps the museum records multiple materials per object - e.g. a clock
might be made of brass, glass and wood.  This can be handled smoothly too - you
can specify multiple material fields to scriptindex::

    material=brass
    material=glass
    material=wood

You may then want multiple filters on material to be mean "find me objects
which contain **all** of these materials" (rather than the default meaning
of "find me objects which contain **any** of these materials") - to do this
you want to set ``XM`` as a non-exclusive prefix, which you do like so (this
needs Omega 1.3.4 or later)::

    $setmap{nonexclusiveprefix,XM,true}

You can also allow the user to restrict a search with a boolean filter
specified in text query (e.g. ``material:paper`` -> ``XMpaper``) by adding this
to the start of your OmegaScript template::

    $setmap{boolprefix,material,XM}

Multiple aliases are allowed::

    $setmap{boolprefix,material,XM,madeof,XM}

This decoupling of internal and external names is also useful if you want
to offer search frontends in more than one language, as it allows the
prefixes the user sees to be translated.

If the user specified multiple filters in the query string, for example
`material:wood material:paper`, then these are combined using similar logic
to that used for filters specified by ``B`` CGI parameters, with terms with the
same prefixed combined with ``OP_OR`` by default, or ``OP_AND`` specified by
``$setmap{nonexclusiveprefix,...}``.

Free-Text Fields
================

Say you want to index the title of the document such that the user can
search within the title by specifying title:report (for example) in their
query.

Title has standard prefix S, so you'd generate terms as normal, but then
add an "S" prefix.  If you're using scriptindex, then you do this by
adding "index=S" to the scriptindex rule like so::

    title : field=title index=S

You then need to tell Xapian::QueryParser that "title:" maps to an "S" prefix.
If you're using Omega, then you do so by adding this to your OmegaScript
template (at the start is best)::

    $setmap{prefix,title,S}

Or if you're writing your own search frontend, like this::

    Xapian::QueryParser qp;
    qp.add_prefix("subject", "S");
    // And similar lines for other free-text prefixes...
    // And any other QueryParser configuration (e.g. stemmer, stopper).
    Xapian::Query query = qp.parse_query(user_query_string);

You can add multiple aliases for a prefix (e.g. title and subject for S), and
the decoupling of "UI prefix" and "term prefix" means you can easily translate
the "UI prefixes" if you have frontends in different languages.

Note that if you want words from the subject to be found without a prefix, you
either need to generate unprefixed terms as well as the prefixed ones, or map
the empty prefix to both "" and "S" like so::

    Xapian::QueryParser qp;
    // Search both subject and body if no field is specified:
    qp.add_prefix("", "");
    qp.add_prefix("", "S");
    // Search just the subject if 'subject:' is specified:
    qp.add_prefix("subject", "S");
    Xapian::Query query = qp.parse_query(user_query_string);
